Yea, we all know the auto repair racket is filled with uneducated morons but no tech worthy of the name would do such a thing when there are so many better ways. Just tell us what shops you've worked/work at so people can avoid them/it like the plague...
The mode is called Fail Safe and yes, that's exactly what's supposed to happen with code 31. You didn't state exactly what you checked but as hvyman pointed out it sounds like you only tested the air temp sensor and that has nothing to do with a 31.
2.2k makes more sense. Your voltage measurement of THW at the ECU does not. Assuming it's accurate there's your code 22. Looks like THW is open. Don't need long leads...the car's chassis will do. I'd be looking at the sensor connector first though...
Simply put it means the fault must exist for two key cycles before the MIL is illuminated. All the parameters required for the code in question must also be met. That can be fairly involved for some of them. Speed, rpm, temp, time, etc.
Welcome. It's an indication of how close the TCCS can get the mixture in open loop using the learned value. That's not an accident as Federal emissions standards are involved. The other thing to remember is O2 sensors have the least authority of any in the engine for what should be obvious...
O2 codes don't just happen. Several parameters must be met. Not to mention they're two trip logic. Depending on model year you may not get a heater code. Lastly, in a steady state condition the system defaults to slightly rich with a floating lambda input. About .9 iirc
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